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Quake scientists show off rocks from depths of San Andreas=20 Fault

David Perlman,=20 Chronicle Science Editor

Friday, October 5, 2007

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(10-04) 18:47 PDT STANFORD -- For the first = time in=20 the history of earthquake studies, scientists have penetrated deep = into=20 the very heart of an active earthquake zone and brought up a ton = of rocks=20 as they seek to understand how and why quakes behave.

Their harvest comes from a borehole drilled more than 21/2 = miles into=20 the San Andreas Fault just north of the tiny Monterey County = village of=20 Parkfield and show clear evidence that hundreds of tiny quakes = have been=20 jolting the ground there in just the past few months.

One hundred thirty-five feet of core samples were gathered = across three=20 traces of the fault that is known for its constantly creeping = motion and=20 for the hundreds - if not thousands - of tiny underground temblors = that=20 barely register on instruments and certainly can't be felt by = humans on=20 the surface.

"Now we can hold the San Andreas in our hands," said Mark D. = Zoback, a=20 Stanford geophysicist. "We know what it's made of, and we can = study how it=20 works."

Zoback and his colleagues, William Ellsworth and Stephen = Hickman of the=20 U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, are leaders of a project = called the=20 San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, or SAFOD, which for years = to come=20 will be analyzing the quake-shaken rocks.

"It's not unlike bringing rocks back from the moon," Ellsworth=20 said.

The newly acquired core samples are so uniquely precious they = must be=20 kept shrink-wrapped and refrigerated, Ellsworth said as he touched = a=20 length of the exposed rock with almost loving delicacy.

Parkfield, near the scientists' drill site, is long famed for = the=20 frequent quakes with magnitude 6 and more that have struck that = region for=20 more than a century. Parkfield is by far the most heavily = instrumented=20 seismic research area in the nation.

The next step, the scientists said, will be to send a = steel-encased=20 package containing an array of seismic sensors down the drill hole = and=20 into the seismically active zone. The package will include = miniaturized=20 seismometers, accelerometers and tiltmeters to monitor the = underground=20 activity continuously. The instruments will remain underground for = at=20 least a decade, sending their sensitive readings up to the surface = by=20 fiber-optic cable. They will become the crucial heart of SAFOD, = the=20 long-planned seismic observatory.

At a Stanford press conference Thursday, the excited project = scientists=20 displayed three separate lengths of their 4-inch-wide core = samples, each=20 revealing about five feet of alternating black and gray rock = segments=20 flecked with tiny dull green patches of a mineral called = serpentine. The=20 cores were recovered only recently - two in August and one on = Sept. 7.

The serpentine in them, formed from magnesium, silica and = water, often=20 contains the slippery mineral called talc, which Zoback explained = might=20 well be a lubricant that helps the sides of a fault slide slowly = past each=20 other as the fault creeps - and perhaps even accelerates the = growth of=20 small quakes into much larger and damaging ones.

Some fragmented cuttings brought up earlier by the SAFOD = drilling=20 project showed similar evidence of serpentine, and recent = laboratory=20 studies showed the presence of slippery, watery, reddish-brown = talc in the=20 rock. That find was reported by USGS scientist Diane Moore and her = colleagues in the journal Nature on Aug. 16.

Tiny samples of the drill cores will be distributed in December = to=20 international teams of scientists assembled at the USGS in Menlo = Park,=20 Hickman said.

Drilling at the site began in 2004, and the work has been = interrupted=20 many times by storms, floods, drill rig breakdowns and even modest = quakes.

The scientists could tell that their drill had reached the = highly=20 active seismic zone this summer because constant shaking from the = tiny=20 deep quakes accumulated enough strength to warp the steel casing = of the=20 core drill.

The microquakes that shiver the ground inside the fault zone = where the=20 borehole ends are accompanied every once in a while by larger = jolts -=20 still tiny by Loma Prieta or 1906 standards, but registering = around=20 magnitude 2, Ellsworth said.

But the project is particularly important because it is tapping = the San=20 Andreas itself - the 20 million-year-old fault that stretches for = 800=20 miles along the length of California and marks the boundary = between two=20 vast tectonic plates.

These are the immensely thick slabs of the Earth's crust called = the=20 Pacific Plate and the North American Plate that have been sliding = past=20 each other at nearly 2 inches a year for millions of years - fast = enough=20 for Los Angeles to reach San Francisco someday if they last that = long.=20

The SAFOD project is the first venture of a new national = project called=20 EarthScope, a $200 million experiment that will deploy more than = 100=20 smaller borehole seismic stations across the United States, with = 800=20 Global Positioning System units tracking their readings.

Scientists will follow those with another 400 earthquake = monitoring=20 stations at specific locations in the United States. They will be = in=20 operation for two years at a time, and then be moved in relays = until the=20 entire country has been surveyed for seismic activity. EarthScope = is=20 funded by the National Science Foundation.

E-mail David Perlman at dperlman@sfchronicle.com.=20

This article appeared on page B - = 1 of the=20 San Francisco Chronicle

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